Michal Kalecki (1899 – 1970)
Polish Marxist economist who specialized in macroeconomics of a broadly-defined Keynesian sort.
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It is the export surplus and the budget deficit which enable the capitalists to make profits over and above their own purchases of goods and services.
The connection between 'external' profits and imperialism is obvious.
It is indeed paradoxical that, while the apologists of capitalism usually consider the 'price mechanism' to be the great advantage of the capitalist system, price flexibility proves to be a characteristic feature of the socialist economy.
" capitalist savings 'lead' profits. This result may appear paradoxical. 'Common sense' would suggest the opposite sequence-namely, that savings are determined by profits. This, how ever is not the case."
Thus, even with relatively heavy damping such shocks generate fairly regular cycles.
The result is of considerable importance.
Armaments and wars, usually financed by budget deficits, are also a source of this kind of profits.
It may thus be concluded that in the absence of 'development factors' the system lapses into a stationary state. These factors thus appear to be a prerequisite of a steady growth.
Generally speaking, changes in the prices of finished goods are "cost determined" while changes in the prices of raw materials inclusive of primary foodstuffs are "demand determined".
In a sense the budget deficit can be considered as an artificial export surplus.
The most important prerequisite for becoming an entrepreneur is the ownership of capital.
It has been frequently assumed that V is constant; and this indeed is the cornerstone of the quantity theory of money. But it seems fairly obvious that the velocity of circulation in fact depends on the short-term rate of interest.
It should first be stated that a joint-stock company is not a 'brotherhood of shareholders' but is managed by a controlling group of big shareholders while the rest of the shareholders do not differ from holders of bonds with a flexible rate of interest.
An increase in the number of paupers does not broaden the market.
The capitalists of a country which manages to capture foreign markets from other countries are able to increase their profits at the expense of the capitalists of the other countries. Similarly, a colonial metropolis may achieve an export surplus through investment in its dependencies.
It should be noticed that the whole approach is in contradiction to generally accepted views.
In any case of the budget deficit the private sector of the economy receives more from government expenditure than it pays in taxes.
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